The Oil And Gas Operations

Oil Well :

In all oil field operations the oil well construction is mean a wide Range of services included , begin from the first step of the exploration for hydrocarbons until the last but not the final step When the well under production , it is first step when the drilling operation will be started later, the intensive steps of construction will do It when the civil work begin to flattened the road towards the well target and then to construct the well site for drilling rig and Drilling operations by flatten a square area for rig segments and The mast and other accessories of any drilling rig , however the Rig will move to the site must be arrange all its loads in correct Manner from the rig floor and mast to the mud system to the Crew offices which must be in right place to give wide Supervision for the leading persons to supervise the whole Operation without any accident and reduce the risks during the Operations , there is another construction in the site after the rig and its equipment erected on the site , is to digging a square Hole on the ( X ) target in the centre and cemented it with Additional area to strongest the under floor and mast area ( that Will be as the operator requirement company ), these operation Need several goods ( cement sacks and etc. ) and water supply And steel bars ( all it is a civil works ) .
For all tubular and equipment will operate in the oil well site, the preparation for any oil well drilling operation is as following Sequences :

1. After all pre work (civil work ) which mentioned above there is A preparation for drilling rig equipments and drilling equipment Must be check it by check list to get an approval to the rig that
Rig is suit for job and its accessories and its drilling equipments is valid for the operations.
2. The rig and all its equipment must be placed in right places to Give full scene of supervision to the company man and Tool Pushers during executing the drilling program and other next Operation in future and even to give a good space for all to work in correctly procedure and reduce the risks and even to give Right place and right executing jobs for others like logging and Cementing and casing running down hole.

The Drilling preparation:

As the all prelude sequences achieved the next measurement for Starting the drilling operation is to erect the rig and its segments Each piece in its place , the main unit will sited in the well site is The rig floor and the mast with power drive units like draw work Engines and the mud pumps with its connections like ( 2") flow Line pipes and the mud tanks and water tanks and drilling Tubular with equipments in correct places to ensure the no risks During running it and the rig with its accessories and segments Will erect above the target as following :
1. Rig floor & rig mast.
2.V door and pipe racks connected with the floor.
3.Draw work and its engines connected with the floor and mast .
4. Mud system connected with the stand pipe and well head Equipments which included the mud tanks and the (2") pipes and trip tank and the degassing plus dissilter & dissander .
5. The well head included the BOP stack.
6. Generators and its fuel tanks.
7. Cranes and heavy duty trucks.
8. Caravans as offices and tea rooms and path rooms.
9. Rig ware house and rig mechanics ware house.
All these rig equipment must be arranged in correct places and all Equipments will located at standard ordinary arrangement except The area restriction which may force these standard to be go to Suitable placed .
After all sequence mentioned above , the next steps of preparation Is to prepare the drilling equipment and material relate to the Drilling which the executing of the drilling program need it during The drilling operation which will use in each drilling phase such as :
1. The Equipment :The BHA assemblies include bits and Drill Collars and Drill Pipe with stabilizers and drilling jars.
2. Other Equipment which will use in improving the well conditions and drilling features like reamers and segment of BOP stacks and its hydraulic connections.
3. Power tong and its accessories and hydraulic connection which
Will use during drilling string connection and casing Connection like clamps and slips.
4. The material that will running during all drilling operation is
As the following:
a. Casing and centralizers plus cementing equipment with
Other pieces.
b. Mud materials like bentonite and barite sacks , plus
Chemicals sacks that use for mud properties, polymers
And these materials will run during each phase.
C. Well head for each drilling phase includes casing spools
And flanges with studs and nuts plus valves.
d. BOP stacks with its parts and connection hoses.
All these materials will run in each phase frequently,
The ordinary standards position for the drilling rig as it lay out In the well site

The drilling tools and equipments that use during the drilling Operation is a wide range because it consist of the rid and its part To the drilling equipments that use in the drilling job, the drilling rig
Equipments which are important to achieve the drilling job as follow:

1. The mast and floor and its spare parts.
2. The Draw work and its engines plus spare parts.
3. The rotary table and its engines plus spare parts.
4. The Kelly pipe and its accessories like Kelly cocks and its spare parts plus swivel .
5. Drill lines & its drums with drill lines spools plus spare parts.
6. Mud systems on the rig which consist a lot loads like tanks and shale shakers plus dissanders and disgasers with its engines and spare parts , hoses and agitators with its electric motors and its spare parts .
7. AC generators and DC generators plus its spare parts.
8. BOP'S stacks with different sizes according with the drilling program with its connection hoses and hydraulic champers With Its oil drums.
9. Hydraulics spinners and pipe wrench with different sizes.
10. Rig attachment:
a. Rig floor and V door.
b. Rotary table and its engine plus Kelly bushing and Kelly.
c. Pipes rack and catwalk.
d. Rig stairs.

11. Tubular:
a. The Drill pipes and Drill collars with its spinners and Pipe wrench with different sizes.
b. Safety clamps and shekels with different sizes.
c. Subs and cross over subs with different sizes and Connection.
d. Non rotating stabilizers plus scratches tools with Different sizes.
e. Kelly spinners.
f. Drill pipes and drill collars slips with sizes according to the drilling program.
g. Fuel tanks and water.
h. Different grades and sizes of drill pipe and drill collars and casing being not exceed than the TD of the Program.
i. Different sizes and grades of pup joints.
j. Casing and tubing with different sizes and grades according with drilling program.
k. Different sizes and types and capacities of elevators.
l. Casing hydraulic power tongs.
m. Choke manifold and valves of well control.
n. Fishing tools with different sizes and types.
And there is a rig instrument which includes:
a. Driller consol cabinet.
b. Drilling martin dickers of drill indicators.
c. Pit level indicator.
d. Flow meter.
And the rig Auxiliary and communication equipment:
a. Radio system.
b. Welding equipment.
c. Slick line units.
d. Mud testing tools.
e. Submersible water pumps.
f. Water transfer pumps.

13. Safety equipments and fire extinguisher system with
Emergency medical first helping plus gas detection device.
14. Trailers offices and accommodation for all site crew.
All the articles which mentioned above are constitute the drilling Well site, but what is the consideration that give the specialists the Final estimation to drill and extract the oil from the place Determined that the correct place to invest the money to gain a Huge benefits from extraction the oil after several operation led to Decided to drill and produce the oil.
All of equipments and tools and even all equipments that use during Exploration until the final of production? the basic of petroleum industries is begin by first step which is the exploration sequences Then the drilling and the final production, when at the beginning There is an expectation of oil reserves in the area and that Conclusion came from geological analysis, the first steps of Exploration will begin by using the geophysical process with Different manners and consequently the petro physical analysis will Use during these operations the several methods of basic Exploration manners:
1. Seismic methods: which include to use the explosion of TNT in special digging hole that was prepared for this use and there is a geophones which received the transferred sound waves through the underground formations and by interpretation of this manners they can detect the oil and gas accumulations.
2. The Magnetism methods: this manner is used the Magnetic fields values to draw structural maps Then to determine the geological structures and to be sure the expectation oil area.
3. The gravity methods: This method is using the Gravity values to draw the anomalies of the Values and the map to determine the oil Expectation area.
All the methods mentioned above are use in preliminary exploration which then convert to the second type operation of exploration of Oil; the exploration drilling.
All methods above are have a different contracts and contractors which they offers different services and different techniques to Achieve the exploration stage , they even offers different prices and in general the prices are amount per square kilometres , some time Reach to 12000 US Dollars per one square kilometre.
The prices in offshore exploration is sure increase up due to the high Complexity in the coast area and its difficulties of the sea Environmental area which reach to 100000 US dollars per one Square kilometres.
All the prices is depend on several conditions during the make of agreement and Will different from place to another ,the old prices was at the two decades ago As about following :
For geological commission was cost about 5000 to 12000 USD per month, and For magnetic commission (which use the magnetic instrumentation ) it cost About 10000 to 15000 per month, and for commission which use the gravity Method was about 20000 to 60000 USD per month , and for air survey was About 1.5 for one square kilometre , and for the seismic commission was about 100000 USD per month , and all methods survey is increase in the offshore Operations which reach for the seismic commission of about 250000 USD per Month. .
Whatever the preliminary exploration was achieved the next step to develop the Exploration is to start the exploration drilling which the main purposes of it is To collect the additional information to enforced the database of previous data Which came from the geophysics exploration operations, however when certain expectation of oil was emphasized from previous exploration operations , the transference to the drilling to add and explore the area is important to develop The investment and continued the exploration until the expected of production operations , when the development transfer to the exploration drilling ,these stage Is the huge money investment which need to big budget , everything at this Operations is need to a money, the rig and all segments mentioned in early of this Study, the drilling tools, the materials which use through it , the individual operations like logging and electrics measurement and completion operations and Its tools uses , many thing will do, the tubular like casing pipes and drill pipe And drill collars, bits , drilling instrument , Mud fluids, oils with hydraulics , so It is a big individuals tools and materials , all it has a cost , so
the onshore drilling Some time cost of about 2M to 7M for one oil well, the prices even depend on The contractors offer prices, the cost of drilling rig alone range on onshore Operation of about 200000 USD to 300000 USD per month, and for the offshore it cost about 500000 USD per month, and for the drilling tools, it will consist individual prices like the number of drill pipes must be on the rig site and even for drill collars and bits , it depend on the contract , the cost for one oil well for ordinary drilling operation which going through ordinary drilling program and with no drilling problems encountered and with some expected ordinary problems may happened under below :
The ordinary drilling program its duration depend on the final depth and the geological area , for the middle east and north Africa its duration from 27 to 33 days for drilling operation included the whole operation from the drilling to logging and cementing for ordinary circumstances without any problems and the completion program duration for the same area10 days.
For the completion operation is depend on the type of the well if it is vertical or directional or horizontal or multilateral well, for each type will increase the duration except the normal vertical well.
The geological and the geographical situation determined the well drilling type from normal vertical to the directional or horizontal and multilateral, for each type will increase the duration and the tubular and the goods and finally the cost.
After the oil well being drilled the next stage is the completion operations, which the main purposes of it to put the well under production stage, the completion type and materials will use is depend on the reservoir models and its power drive and there is many tools is used like permanent packers and other segments of completion string like sub surface valves and nipples which the wire line tests will set in it to make the test and the well will perforate.
After completion stage which the end of it is connect the well head ( X mass tree ) , the well will be ready for production, then the pipe line construction stage will coming to connect the well with production station and this stage provide a wide type pd services from the welders to the welding tools then the goods of the welding.
The drilling techniques that will use during the drilling phase is determined by the reservoir condition and geological of area and geographical of the area , for instance if there is a barriers in the area then the planning will change the program to directional to drill and reach the target from a side durance or for the reservoir calculations some time it need to drill a horizontal trajectory , some time due to the thick reservoir and because of the needing to accelerate the production then the decision will be to drill multilateral intelligence well because the completion of the well need multi junction tools to produce from the well.

Directional& Under balanced Drilling (UBD) :
For the directional drilling it use as aforementioned if the target in the marshes or near the coast and it like to not increase the expenditure by build a platform then the decision will take towards the direction drilling to reach the target from earth ground , there is a special tools to achieve this type of drilling, but common tool that use for its high performance features is Positive Displacement Motor ( PDM ) which has a wide use for this type of drilling, but there is another tool (wipe stock) which is les percentage uses .
The UBD drilling is used when the formations pressure is near its fracture pressure so when use a normal drilling techniques like use normal drilling fluids will control the formation pressure by hydrostatic column during the trips or for any reasons may cause a surge or swab pressure or impose additional pressure value which may expose the formation to artificial fracture and loss circulation of drilling fluids , here in recent years , it emerge a new technique in drilling named under balanced drilling which its principals is to decrease the bottom hole pressure and to keep it below its fracture pressure is to make secondary annulus by use a pipe between the casing and the drill string (like tie back pipe in case of liner production casing used in the last casing on the oil well , this will relief the total pressure on the bottom of hole and care the formation from the fracturing case , but during the time the use of this technique in drilling improved the drilling indicators and increase the penetration and reduce the time as well as the cost , so it is a wide uses today in drilling operations as a save in money and time.

Completion Services:

The completion services is a next stage of drilling phase , it will be to make the well ready for production , so the normal procedure is to change the drilling fluid which was lifted after the drilling was ended to another fluid suit for completion operation which will include the a brine water with some additives like potassium chloride for cleaning the well before and after perforation operation, and after cleaning the well prepare it for perforation process to let the oil coming inside , and in additional they use some polymers to maintain the formation permeability and some time they use some of chemicals materials for some purposes, then it will running the completion string include packers and other accessories plus production tubing, there is a wide tools of completion which depend to run it on the well completion type ,under below some of completion tools :
For single phase completion type with tubing production type which will be using packer to isolating the target pay zone formation;

1. Tubing Hanger.
2. Production Tubing (Size, Grade, Connection type, total joints).
3. Anchor latch assemblies ( = = = = = = ).
4. Packer (type & Type of setting , size )
5. X over (type& connection type )
6. Top No Go landing Nipple ( = = = ).
7. Hydro trip sub ( = = = ).
8. perforated Pup Joint ( = = = )
9. Bottom No Go Landing Nipple ( = = = ).
10. Wire Line Entry Guide ( = = = )
Completion Fluids:
1. Water or diesel or crud oil .
2. caustic Soda .
3. Sodium Dichromate .
4. potassium Chloride .
5. Sodium Hydroxide .
6. Polymers .
7. Acids (Most of Acid is Hydrochloric acid ) .

Drilling Services :
The drilling services consist of a wide kinds of services , some time for each type of drilling included by drilling program may be offer as sub drilling service fro a wide drilling contractors , it depend on what drilling contractors offer of the services that can do it, so it may offer for man power to rent a top title of drilling experienced and professional person, or it may offer a some type of drilling tools that can rent it with its expertise ,it depend on what even the market request , some time there is a demand for fishing jobs and another need to rent persons and another need to engaged an professional experience in some drilling techniques , so thus.
The drilling and completion programming it need for professional experience to plan and execute the plan until the
final target of reservoir production , and achieve the plan within the budget and high quality executing , some drilling services expands during any drilling campaign like special jobs of fishing, and loss circulation treatment, wash over
Pipes ,side track operations, drilling tools settings during DST test, cement remedial, cement jobs , cement tools, and of a wide range of services .
The Normal Drilling Program :
The normal drilling program is consist of the first hole which name the conductor hole with bit size (17 1/2 or
17" ) that will be cased by a ordinary Casing pipe of size ( 13 3/8" ) , the second hole will be drill with bit size of (12 1/4 " ) and will be cased by casing pipe of size ( 9 5/8" ) , the third hole is depend if it will be the final production hole or not ,or it depend on the several conditions such as the presents pipes goods available by hand and the reservoir conditions, the type of production that will be planed, it will be drilled with bit size of (8 1/2" ) and will be cased by casing pipe of size ( 7") which it considered the production casing if no another plan for future operations to develop the well production, so it may be enough to end the drilling program at this point and integrate the well operation towards completion stage which will be change the drilling fluids onside the well to completion fluids and perforate the casing at reservoir interval to put the well under production , or complete the drilling if there is a need to produce by open hole case which depend on the well situations , it will be drill the final open hole with bit size of (6 1/8" ) , or complete this open hole .
Offshore Drilling Operation:
On these kind of drilling ,it different from onshore drilling operation b the special equipment that use for the water depth fro the sea water level to the sea bed ground level which consist of following equipments :
1. Platform main drilling bench which the drilling rig will install on it.
2. The Mooring systems that using for the platform.
3. Risers.
4. Ball joint.
5. Hydraulic Connectors.
6. Tensioners Riser.
7. Slip Joints.
8. Diverter Systems.
Guidance System:
These phrasal used in offshore drilling operation which may use floating vessels or platform, which mean the method that lead the heavy equipments which use during the drilling to relocating the well head and re establishing communication with well or mud line, the two basic methods used in offshore drilling operation to locate the well head and to guide heavy equipment to the well head on the ocean floor.
The first method uses wire ropes as guidelines to maintain mechanical communication between the rig floor and the well head, and to guide the equipment into position for landing or entry into the well, The re entry is the term of the second method, without mechanical communications between well head and the rig floor, i.e. using a electronics or cams to guide the tools, using mechanical guidance and alignment only in the final stages of landing the equipment.
The Re entry Methods:
One of the offshore drilling problems created by deepwater drilling and sub sea completion is relocating and re establishing communications with the sub sea wells, however, establishing the communication with sub sea wells without guidelines that physically force the equipment to the well, to relocate the well head without mechanical communication means and to lowered the re entry string to a safe position above the well, there is several guidance which it is:
1. T.V.
2. Acoustic equipments.
3. The accuracy of the navigational equipment and clarity of the water will determined if acoustic device will be required to Supplement the T.V camera.
The re entry is used today for running the drilling equipment into the well before the riser is run for landing the BOP stacks and reconnection the riser when necessary.
Thus, in the slang of offshore oil operations, re entry means re establishing broken communications with the sub sea well even when nothing has been entered.
Three tools used for re entry are listed below, in some case, all three devices are used to supplement each other, and they are:
1. Television.
2. Acoustic Device for active targets.
3. Acoustic Device for passive targets
Television:

Is very important and should be used with the sonic devices, sub sea vision is limited, and acoustic devices needed
For position determination until the string is brought within the visual range of the well.


Acoustic Devices :
It have the advantage of being able to see (500ft) or more through even muddy water; however, the signature(picture) seen on the scope can be checking always to relocate the well head .
The equipments that used in the offshore is a wide ranges now a days, it seem to be developed for more efficiency achievement to reduce the time duration for the drilling and completion, so there is some new equipment developed to tag the well head of underwater sea bed with no time losses , one of the new innovation equipments is the re-entry guides used during the drilling operations is named the re-entry cone that allow to the drilling assemblies to run down hole and hanged the casing smoothly and it use for several purpose with some limited objectives .
Liner & Liner Hanger:
At the point of open hole of drilling program, some time need to cased even these open hole by a casing which will be normally with size less than ( 6 1/8" ) or , drill an open hole with bit size of ( 7 7/8" ) instead of ( 7" ) and cased the open hole by ( 7") liner casing , the liner will be not extend to the surface for some productions restrictions and economical conditions, so it will be extend from a point at the end of last casing and hang it by hanging tool manufactured specially for this case to hang the liner inside last casing, in some future production conditions it appear the needs to tie back the liner to the surface .
After Drilling:
The after drilling is normally is the completion, it depend on the reservoir conditions depend on the completion program, so the multilateral holes completion of the multilateral drilling holes , the horizontal or direction drilling holes and even the direction ;the type of inclination of what type of trajectory of the well if it is S shape or j shape , etc.
So, when the reservoir suffer from sand problems, the treatment that used for a long time at the earlier of the industries is to use the screen pipes, and the screen operation is a science inside the completion treatment because it need for special condition to apply it, in of the recent treatment is the use of expandable screen pipes, the expandable tools is everything that expand even hydraulically or mechanical expanding.

Expandable Screen pipes:

In some cases of well completion and Work Over when there is a sand influx in to the well , the treat this problem by run down hole slotted pipe named screen pipe which protect the well from the sand and consequently the well corrosion caused by sand flow , a screen is now a days of new type of expandable screen pipe which it manufactured by special materials that allow the pipe when expose it to some chemical fluids or by mechanical movement cause it expandable to reduce the clearance between the well wall and the pipe which will reduce the sand quantities income and reduce the depreciation of the tools .
The Wire Line Services:
Most of wire lines services are needed at the completion stage, but even during drilling operations it need to do logging which achieved by wire line and it developed recently by using logging while drilling using the drill string , but during past decades the most mean to logging the well is by using the wire line , the using of wire line during completion is to test the tubing and to set the hydraulic tools by wire lines , and even to logging the well during the completion operation for some measurements , there is a wide types of wire line services for both the completion achievement and logging the well , and here under below some types of logging and wire line measurements :

The loggings Types that used the wire line:
1. Calliper for measure the diameter of the well for cementing calculations (electric).
2. Gamma Ray ( radio active & shale detective ) , ( radio active )
3. DLL Log (Dual Later Log) for (formation sensitivities).
4. MSFL ( Micro Spherical Focus Log ) , (sonic)
5. BHC (Bore Hole Compensated) for hydrocarbons (sonic).
6. S.P Log (Spontaneous Potential), (electric).
7. LDL Log (Lethology Density Log )
8. CNL Log ( Compensated Neutron Log ) , radio active .
9. NGS Log ( Natural Gamma Spectroscopy Log),radio active.
10. CBL Log ( Cement Bond Log ) ,electric .
11. CCL Log ( Casing Coupling Locater Log ) .
12. VDL Log ( Variable density Log ) , electric .
13. TDT Log ( Thermal Decay Time Log ),sonic ,sonic .
14. USITT Log ( Ultra Sonic Interval Transit Time ) ,sonic.
15 MLL Log ( Micro lateral Log ) ,electric.
16 PL Log ( Proximity Log ) , electric .
17 EPT Log ( Electro magnetic Propagation Tools ) .

And there are too much another measurement logging used by wire line tools.
The completion operation that use the wire line is limited , used to setting the completion tools like packers and tubing string test by setting some wire line tools to plug the landing nipples which it ran with the completion string and the to retrieve it .
Stimulation:
It is a part of completion that coming in after the ran of completion tools, then to get the well to
Flow , the stimulation must be carried out by using some chemical treatments to regain the reservoir properties that loss off by skin damage effects due to used of drilling fluids , during drilling and by used a drilling fluids like bentonite and barite and other salts materials and solids particles or by the some slugs results fro completion job and the perforation operation , so to be regain the reservoir properties like permeability and reduce the drilling fluids effects ,it will be stimulate the reservoir formation by pre flush by some chemical fluids like potassium chloride and sodium dichromate, some acids like hydrochloric acid used to react with formation and clean the formation particles and re open some porous spaces, that what could be named the stimulation operation , and these ideas some time are being used even after well was produces by stimulate the well by using the fracturing the reservoir formation by hydraulic fluids impose to the formation over its capabilities which result the new fracture opened inside the reservoir and increase the production consequently .

Pipe Line Construction :
The pipe lines is a stage coming after all well operation was ended and the well ready to the production , so the oil that will produce need to be treat the well fluids to refine it from some suspended materials and separate the gas and water and the sold content and waxes to be pure crud oil then to export the oil to the consumption sources , the pipe line construction is a wide range of services , consist of pipe line construct from the well to the production station the from production station to the terminal exportation points , it consist of welding and pipe fittings and welding materials ,and civil works to extend the line over the ground or under ground , consist of the re pump station when it transport throughout long distances , it consist of a huge equipment and heavy duty engines must be used to construct the pipe line for both from the well to the production station and from production station to the terminal exportation points , the international pipe lines construction depend on the some political situation and economical conditions of the cost for all transportation means and the contracts duration to supplying the consumption countries , for instance if the consumption country need to import the oil or gas for years and the political the policies allow to build up the project and the cost and the budget is less than the transport the oil and gas by shipping over seas then the pipe line is the right choice to transport the hydrocarbons through the pipe extend from the origin to the consumption points.


The pipe line construction consist of huge services and technical operations to keep the flow without risk environmental and, and need for wide civil engineering services in addition to the welding services, and it need wide chemicals services to prevent the corrosion and other effects and it need a inspection through all the time of production and transportation .

The Oil Well Production :

After all well operation is ended the production stage is the next , the normal production procedure when the reservoir it has a high power drive the oil will flow naturally without any artificial means , using the reservoir pressure and reservoir power drive, but it was not always that each reservoir has the same condition of power drive, some reservoir has no power drive or the power drive depleted during the initial production stages , when the production rate is decreased so to keep the rate at the same previous Point, or even to extract the most quantities in the reservoir, it will be treated the decreasing of the reservoir by several means, some of it chemical treatment and the other is mechanical or another, this is what named in the oil industries " The Artificial Production" .

The Artificial lifting –reciprocating pumps:
The oil well production depend on reservoir power drive and type of Drive which divided to several kind; gas drive, water drive, depletion Reservoir pressure drive.
All kind of drive of oil well mentioned above ; all I depend on dynamic Oil well reservoir energy, (mainly by pressure ), if the pressure is become Dead or the reservoir fluid can't flow and overcome the friction pressure Losses to continue the flow naturally to the surface , so here it need to Treat the well and the reservoir with some chemical treatment like inject Some chemical materials to regain the productivity to the origin or treat The reservoir by physical treatment like inject fluids (mainly water and Gases ) to increase the reservoir pressure near the its previous value of Production .
Some time all treatment doesn’t successful , at this point the other Treatment will use such as artificial equipment like pumps to continue The production to extract the rest quantity of oil by equipment Manufactured for this purposes and will continue the production by This Manner with some restricted condition .
The artificial manner of production is consisting of:
Fluids & chemical Injection:
This type of artificial manner is to inject the fluid the Fluid such as water or gas (nitrogen) through wells conduct the same Reduced pressure reservoir to increase the pressure in the reservoir Pressure to the same or near of previous value to push the reservoir fluids Flowing naturally until the oil will no more extraction and reached to the Dead point or residual oil of no way to produce it.
The injection of fluids will be at high pressure value to drive the reservoir Fluid at maximum rate which depend on the porous and permeability Value and saturation efficiency of the reservoir and will keep the Production until breakthrough point and after to the critical point that the Production become high percentage of water ; at this point the technique Of treatment will change towards chemical reaction with reservoir Formation to increase the pore spaces and keep it wide opening to keep The flow rat in high level and extract the maximum amount of reservoir Fluids ; these type of artificial by using chemicals is named (Acidizing),
The other type of artificial lifting is by using fracturing of the formation by fluids pressure to make a new spaces and fractures through the dead Pressure reservoir formation.

Submersible & reciprocating pumps:

The use of pumps is determined by several condition such as the reservoir Condition relate to such as pressure and water and gas cones points, These conditions will determined the type of production of the well must Be or the remedial that must the well treated by, when the production of The well it became to produced with low rate or the water produce is Became high percentage or the gas is high released; the well will change
Production rate towards low rate causes some production problems like Corrosion due to salt water or sulfates materials , so the remedial will be Decided to be is depend on reservoir case , when the decision it being Taken to be artificial lifting by pumps so here even there is some restriction Cases as below :

1. The dynamic and static fluid level.
2. The well productivity which measured by swapping and measured
The static and dynamic fluid level.
3. How many the water ratios and the gas released.
4.
These reasons which lead to determined the type of the artificial lifting process to be applying on the well.
There are two main types of oil well production pumps:

1. Piston Pump.
2. ESP (Electrical Pumps).

The two type main pump, each of it has a some well conditions and Reservoir, the conditions that control the uses of each one as below:

1. Piston Pumps:
This kind of pumps its use is restricted by the well Conditions such as the low productivity daily rate and that is Happened when the well reached to less than 1000 bopd or its Production is near the water well production, very slow so the oil In place that remain in the reservoir has no power to drive the Oil to the surface and has no gas drive or water drive to be using The injection
to rise the pressure in the reservoir so the concept To make the well extract the rest of oil quantity to use this type Of pump due to its manufacturing features such as low RPM and Its motion is very slowly which fit for these condition of the oil Well which need
Like these types of pump, and that is suit and Proper with low dynamic and static fluid level which it worked by no power drive and like seepage of water well production.
The principal work of these pumps is it work like a sucker pump And Make the oil is swapping from the reservoir; this case of Low seepage of the well forced the planning to put the well under this kind of artificial procedure used on the well.

The sucking depth is determined to be ensure that the sucking Section will Not work out the dynamic fluid level ,must be work Always inside the Fluid to produce it and deployed it to the surface , The advantage of this Kind of pumps is to introduce the fluid from Formation to the inside the Pump barrel to push the fluid out to the Surface by the piston rod which Have a NRV valve allow to the fluid Go up to enter the well and then the Piston will drive the fluid up to The surface and the pump is usually Consist of :

a. Working Barrel.
b. Plunger.
c. Standing Valve.
d. Traveling Valve.
The traveling valve is located on the piston rod which allow to the Fluid To go up when the piston go down, when the piston go down That will And compressed the fluid located above the standing valve Which make The fluid go up through the NRV or traveling valve and Then enter the Pump barrel, then when the piston go up the fluid Will confined by the NRV and the piston valve will rise the confined Fluid up due to the Movement of the piston rod.

2.ESP Pump :
The ESP pump is an electrical pump, powered By electricity by a cable extended with it from the surface , And the pump is consist of several types and it changes with The depth required of the sucking section ,thus the Assemblies of it will change from one stage normal design To the multi stages ,however the number of stages will Control the horse power of the pump and will control the Working depth and the design of the pump depth of the Sucking Section is had special calculations .
By assuming (SFL) the depth of sucking section is at the Middle Of the fluid column inside the well from surface to the TD.
The details of the pump of normal design from the bottom up are:
1.The motor at the bottom.
2. The Pump and sucking suction.
3. The protector.
4. The electricity cable which will extended from the connection Point with motor up to the
surface with power source.
This design is for normal one stage, the how many stage of the Pump will depend on how much horse power the well it need, and that will depend on the depth of the sucking section, and how many barrels can produce from the well plus the dynamic Fluid level which determined the working depth.
Reciprocating Pumps (Reciprocating compress pump ) or PCP Pumps:
These types of pumps is used for different purposes Such as to supplying a fluid for mud pump of drilling rig, or to Another pump in another location, or to enforced the fluid flow in Some places, the principals of its work is very simple.
In many cases of oil and gas wells ; there is a restriction by Decreasing of the well flow due to decreasing of reservoir Pressure ( the reservoir pressure was depleted ) , in commonly Case , the continuously production of the well will lead the Reservoir pressure to decreased due to depletion of the which Will continue until the pressure driving power which was forced The fluid to flow will reach to point that after this point the power Drive of the reservoir can't forced the fluid because the pressure Drive can't overcome the friction pressure drop through Production pipes ,at this point the remain oil in the well will must Continue but with artificial manner , one of these manner is These type of pumps, these pumps is compressed the fluid to Increase the reservoir pressure drive to continue the production .
There is several types of PCP pumps which used commonly in Flow line pipes and with a little in production pipes , to increase The pressure in the well and to continuously driving and transfer The fluid through long pipes distance , there is several types as Below :

a. Reciprocating Compressors Pumps:
These kind of PCP is work as positive displacement motor Which the main design features is consist of a piston work
as the Pressurization tool and the displacement action tool i.e. : the Reciprocating movement.

c. Sliding Vanes Compressors Pumps:
d.
This kind of pumps is work as the positive displacement and Rotary movement , main design features is the principals of its Work of the axial sliding vanes in radius type motion throughout The rotor which is eccentric positioned in a cylinder , the action Will be to compress the fluids through this lobs then displaced it.



e. Helical or spiral lobs Compressor pumps:
The principal's work of this kind is to compress the fluid through two intermeshing rotors to compress and
Displace the fluids .



Mohammed Azeez
Drilling Consultant
Al Basrah
27/1/2007